In the 1990s, there were remarkable theoretical contributions in formalizing the design process in a way that computers might become partners. Since then, many studies have made it possible to represent architectural knowledge for computers, and demystify the architectural design process, alongside endeavoring to externalize the reasoning process of expert designers. He defines two approaches: inputting all knowledge to machines in the first step or alternatively, inputting all knowledge to machines in the first step and imparting the learning process to machines ( Negroponte, 1975). Negroponte (1975) puts the terms “intelligence” and “understanding” together, indicating the need to address computer graphics and machine vision simultaneously. Literature review 2.1 Machine learning in architecture Last, Section 5 presents the limitations of the model and the potential improvements, and also provides a discussion on the contribution of the study to research and practice. Then, Section 3 presents the methodology by detailing data collection, data set preparation, two-step training of the model and its validation, followed by results and discussion in Section 4. After this introduction, Section 2 presents the literature review on ML in architecture, the structure of the Pix2Pix method and studies adopting Pix2Pix for architectural plan layout generation. This paper is structured in five sections. This study aims to propose a twofold ML model, namely, EDU-AI, and its implementation for classroom layout generation. ML algorithms trained with given data sets can manifest a promising performance for school building zoning and furniture relocation problems. Among many computational methods, machine learning (ML) is used in this study. For similar reasons, the decodability of classroom furniture layout makes it easy to be represented via computational methods. Regarding the large number of school buildings that have been built and are likely to be built in the future, zoning and furniture relocation in the classrooms can be considered as a repetitive task of selecting a combinatorial solution among a finite number of alternatives. In other words, the typical school projects are context-free typologies for school design to be modified according to contextual requirements such as environmental conditions, social needs or level of education. “Typical school projects” refers to the base projects in Turkey adapted to varying levels of education and contexts. In the case of Turkey, cellular plan organization of the classrooms is widely used in “typical” school projects. These rules are as follows: the location of the board is chosen according to the position of the door the teacher’s desk is located according to the position of the board the student desks are arranged according to the position of the board and the teacher’s desk and almost inevitably, the orientation according to the windows. In classrooms with a cellular plan type, design decisions related to the furniture layout (student desks, board, teacher desk, lockers, etc.) can be decoded according to specific rules. In classroom design, open-plan layouts became popular in the 1950s because of an increased number of students and a need for adaptability however, since the 1980s, the cellular organization has remained the most preferred design strategy ( Dovey and Fisher, 2014 Shabha, 1993). Classrooms are commonly accepted as one of the main functions in educational buildings. Similarly, the educational buildings’ envelopes, plan layouts and functions have been diversified. Social, cultural and economic conditions have been influential in the spatial needs of educational buildings and the general content of education. The full terms of this licence may be seen at Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Copyright © 2022, Ilker Karadag, Orkan Zeynel Güzelci and Sema Alaçam.
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